This book provides a concise coverage of the unique relationship between the religion of Islam and psychology. It explains how psychology as a new discipline emerging from the west during the early twentieth century gained much recognition in the Muslim world both in their academia and scientific society but not among the wider Muslim population. The claim was that for the wider Muslim population to accept this discipline it needed to have roots in the indigenous Muslim cultures. It is for this reason that many Muslim academics began to argue that there was a need to rediscover the Muslim science called 'ilm al-nafs in relation to modern psychology.This book attempt to provide an explanation and description of the drive in the contemporary Muslim world to rediscover the Muslim science called 'ilm al-nafs in relation to modern psychology. This quest began by mid-twentieth century after many of the newly Muslim nation-states had emerged. Later the notions of Islamic psychology and indigenous psychology were introduced and began to be discussed in earnest. This book presents a survey of the discussions that have taken place about Islam and psychology and the various viewpoints that have evolved from such deliberations. Moreover the book presents a general history of psychology and the contribution of Muslim thinkers to it. The authors also wrestle with the contemporary state of affairs in the Muslim world vis-à-vis psychology and religion by engaging with the socio-psychological perspectives of Muslim religiosity. The book also looks critically at the negative and positive effect of religiosity on mental health according to contemporary data collected from different Muslim countries and from Muslim minorities in the west and deliberates on some of these contemporary mental health issues. This book is ideal for students seeking to understand the relationship between the faith of Islam and the contemporary subject of psychology of religion.