No doubt as long as man and all other animals are viewed as independent creations an effectual stop is put to our natural desire to investigate as far as possible the causes of Expression. By this doctrine anything and everything can be equally well explained; and it has proved as pernicious with respect to Expression as to every other branch of natural history. With mankind some expressions such as the bristling of the hair under the influence of extreme terror or the uncovering of the teeth under that of furious rage can hardly be understood except on the belief that man once existed in a much lower and animal-like condition. The community of certain expressions in distinct though allied species as in the movements of the same facial muscles during laughter by man and by various monkeys is rendered somewhat more intelligible if we believe in their descent from a common progenitor. He who admits on general grounds that the structure and habits of all animals have been gradually evolved will look at the whole subject of Expression in a new and interesting light. The study of Expression is difficult owing to the movements being often extremely slight and of a fleeting nature. A difference may be clearly perceived and yet it may be impossible at least I have found it so to state in what the difference consists. When we witness any deep emotion our sympathy is so strongly excited that close observation is forgotten or rendered almost impossible; of which fact I have had many curious proofs. Our imagination is another and still more serious source of error; for if from the nature of the circumstances we expect to see any expression we readily imagine its presence. Notwithstanding Dr. Duchenne's great experience he for a long time fancied as he states that several muscles contracted under certain emotions whereas he ultimately convinced himself that the movemen t was confined to a single muscle.